in its customer magazine, the Swiss bank Credit Suisse has devoted her Bulletin 4 / 07 an entire issue on "The East". ?
scheibt To initiate the bulletin it:
am "Where am Where I go, the question of her own position is driving humanity since ancient times as a fixed orientation to keep the constant of the East - where the sun rises architecture, navigation,.. everyday life depend on the mother of all directions'. "
Here is the article by Regula Gerber from the Credit Suisse emagazine:
http://emagazine.credit-suisse.com/app/article/index.cfm?fuseaction=OpenArticle&aoid=203724&lang=DE
the Eastern Front
05.11.2007 For thousands of directions for the architecture of a great importance, a system like this makes for an orientation for the people and the earth. As a fixed constant, the orientation has to the east, and the variety of the ages and across cultures. The reasons are varied.
The place where the sun rises has special meaning: The sun is life and light-giver, and divides the day, month and year into people not influenced cycles. This realization has over thousands of everyday life, religion, and consequently the architecture of different Cultures such as the Indian, Chinese, Romans or Greeks coined. Archaeological surveys and excavations show that these ancient cultures shared a common knowledge is based. But behind its architecture and especially behind the orientation of a building to the east, different motives and mechanisms: While the principle is to some cultures a metaphysical link between architecture and spirituality, it is mainly for other health or functional reasons.
Towards power and strength
The scholars of the Occident and the Orient possessed a marked ability to observe the natural Phänomene. Dazu gehörte auch das Studieren der Gesetzmässigkeiten des Kosmos, besonders der Gestirne. Das Ziel von Kulturen wie der chinesischen oder indischen ist es, die Lebensqualität zu verbessern, indem der Mensch mit den Kräften der Natur in Harmonie und Balance lebt. Deshalb spielen in Architekturlehren wie dem chinesischen Feng Shui oder dem indischen Vastu die Himmelsrichtungen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit eine wichtige Rolle. Der Sonnenstand, also die Richtung Osten, erweist sich besonders in der Architektur des Vastu als sehr bedeutend. Gemäss Historikern ist diese Lehre auf einen Zeitraum zwischen 6000 und 7000 vor Christus zu datieren. Im Indien der Antike war Vastu ein Bestandteil des täglichen Lebens. Sowohl Cities, palaces, temples and private homes, theaters and military fortifications were built according to his principles. The Vastu architecture theory is based significantly on the properties of the compass. Both in the design of a building as well as in the arrangement of its areas every direction is attributed to an individual quality. It affects everything that is in this direction or moved.
Particular importance is attached to the east and the north-and south-side directions. The East is in the Vastu-teaching the first position given in the directions, because the sun rises with their energy in that direction. It is considered the best direction is for wealth and prosperity and is known as the father's direction. It is ruled by Indra, the ruler of the demigods, who embodies power and strength. Vastu has long recognized, is that the light of the morning sun was particularly beneficial to the organism. So the sun from the north and south is particularly sensitive. Olivera Reuther, graduated engineer of architecture from Berlin, holds himself in planning the Vastu architecture teaching. What can that mean in practical, it runs like this:. "The morning sun should shine directly on land and house and therefore the northeastern, eastern and southeastern part of the property will not be built up, is accessible, if the main entrance a house faces east. Here, the window should be larger and more numerous than in the other directions. Areas such as bathrooms and kitchen, where special cleanliness is required to be in the eastern or southeastern part of a building. recommend it is that the head has sleeping, eating, cooking or meditation in the East. "In India, Vastu is experiencing a revival, and also in the West is growing interest, particularly related to Ayurveda. The ancient teachings are still perfectly in structures such as temple city in South India in Madurais obtained.
"Oriens" and "anatolae"
While the Vedic literature exists today only a part, the work remained on architecture from classical times the circumference, "Ten Books on Architecture," written by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (33 BC) at the time of Emperor Augustus, was the theory of architecture of Western architecture groundbreaking. Vitruvius also called for the orientation of the house and the cities after the path of the sun and the wind directions. But standing in the civil architecture - ie buildings that were used in contrast to religious buildings for secular tasks - pragmatic reasons in foreground; factors such as territory, were the kind of needs the key foundation for the construction. The goal was correct and healthy building. These were that Vitruvius, not oriented to the city walls after the hot or cold, but the temperate east and west directions, so that favorable winds blowing through the streets and therefore the houses could be spared. Geostet however, such as bedrooms and libraries would have to be, "because its use requires the morning sun." In sacred architecture such as altars and temples, East was an important meaning: "If there be nothing to prevent it, and a free hand to the temple and the idol in the early evening direction (west) to be addressed so that those who which the sacrifices or acts of worship near the altar, nach Osten und zum Götterbild blicken."
Die östliche Ausrichtung fand sich nicht nur bei den Römern und Griechen, sondern auch bei anderen Kulturen, die im Mittelmeerbecken ein Jahrtausend vor und bis zum Christentum existierten. Als eines der wichtigsten Elemente im Heiligtum der Antike galt dabei der achsial nach Osten ausgerichtete Altar. Die Kultstatue wurde nach Osten blickend im Tempel aufbewahrt. Dieser sollte dort, wo es das Territorium erlaubte, mit dem Hauptzugang geostet werden. Ostung, wörtlich "Orientierung", stammt vom lateinischen "oriens" und heisst aufgehend, während bei den Griechen Himmelsaufgang "anatolae" bedeutet. "Für beide, Römer wie Griechen, stellte die Ost-West-Achse ein wesentliches Moment of religious thought and a specific understanding of culture is, "Christian Russenberger, an archaeologist at the University of Zurich said." It had its origin in the ideas of the world and civilization. Thus the Greeks believed that they were brought the culture of the east, which was true in some cases. Some of deities such as Dionysus was the idea that they had immigrated from the East - although these are in fact negotiated to genuinely Greek gods.
The eastern direction on the one hand as a place of origin Kulturwerdung and understood. On the other hand, they regarded the Greeks as a place whose good climatic conditions, and effeminacy and decadence led. In contrast, the West was due to its harsh climate, particularly as uncivilized. . Greece saw itself in the center-oriented than just moderate and right "
The Garden of Eden
find While in Vitruvius details Ostung, but overall, the principle - as indeed the religion - designed not as dogmatic as in Christian architecture. There was the alignment to the east has always been a high symbolic value. In the early days already by the Christians from their baptismal vows to the east, while her "I renounce evil" in the direction of the sunset said. At that time it was first necessary that the light through the door from the east in the interior of the church could fall. Later, however, the altar as the more important part of the church was looked at, because there took place the solemn ritual of the mass. At least since the 8 / 9 Century, therefore, the Christian churches turned over. The longitudinal axis was now generally from west to east, so that the choir and the altar faced east and the main entrance was in the West. In today's liturgy, the priest looks but in the direction of the faithful, but he looked earlier in the east. Even at funerals in the church, and cemeteries of the dead man's face was usually to the east. As the sun rises during the year are not always in the same place, some churches even to the point of emergence of a particular day out geostet. At St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna as it is the 26th of December 1137 (the day of the patron saint of the church in the beginning of construction).
Lothar Schmitt, architectural historian at the ETH Zurich. He sees the Ostung following reasons: "The construction of a church should be according to the medieval interpretation of an image of the celestial sphere in the Old and New Testament there are references in which the Messiah as' the man with the name Oriens', 'the sun. the Justice (sol iustitiae) refers. Accordingly, the sunrise in the east a screen for the resurrected Christ was. " Isidore of Seville, an important author on the brink from the middle ages, the traditional notion of heaven as having two doors in the east and west, through which the light of the sun and departed. In the medieval world view was suspected scheme of paradise in the far east. Because Christians aspire to it, they would, according to the theologian Honorius of Autun, turn in that direction.
"Soleil, Espace, Verdure"
Even modern churches are geostet if possible. A famous example is the pilgrimage church at Ronchamp by Le Corbusier dar. in 1887 in La Chaux-de-Fonds-born French-Swiss architect, is still a beacon of modernity, was considered the "sun" par excellence. Bruno Maurer, architectural historian at the ETH Zurich, describes him as a natural philosopher.. "Le Corbusier was a strong believer in the power of nature is why the path of the sun, the sun and the orientation then were very central to his work bear witness not only almost all his works . but also writings on architecture and urbanism One of his catchy, oft-quoted formula is' Soleil, Espace, Verdure '(' light, air, opening ') in 1942, he even writes explicitly.' La journée solaire de 24 heures est la mesure entreprises de toutes urbanistiques. " He was referring to the orientation on day and night as a measure of urban development measures. "
The arguments are not brought to modernity least from the proscribed 19th Century: At the end of this century takes the architecture to the findings of the hygiene movement. This was the fight against tuberculosis and other diseases to the target. In the course of scientific research was the importance of solar radiation have been investigated and proved to positive impact on human health. "These findings should accordingly be incorporated in the design and orientation of buildings," said Maurer. "So come the new construction no longer receive primary representation or status purposes, but are the health requirements. The sky to the east is required there where no extreme irradiation are desirable. The ist zum Beispiel im modernen Schulbau der Fall, wo die empfohlene Himmelsrichtung Ost -Ost-Süd ist. Oder im Wohnungsbau: Hier werden neue städtebauliche Typologien wie der Zeilenbau propagiert, der bei Nord -Süd-Ausrichtung Wohnungen hervorbringt, die von Morgen- oder Abendsonne oder beidem profitieren."
Doch welchen Stellenwert hat die Ostausrichtung heute noch in der Architektur? Dazu meint Maurer: "Tatsächlich wird die heutige Architektur entscheidend durch neue technische Entwicklungen und Standards wie beispielsweise Isolierglas und Solarzellen beeinflusst. Trotzdem berücksichtigt jeder intelligente Architekt den Sonnenverlauf in der Positionierung des Hauses und der Disposition der Räume. Das Schlafzimmer nach Osten und . The morning sun and the loggia west to enjoy the sunset and 2000 years makes for Vitruvius any sense "
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